Publications by Volker Strom
vstrom.bib
@inproceedings{VTTS,
author = {Graf, H. P. and Cosatto, E. and Strom, V. and Huang,
F. J.},
title = {Visual Prosody: Facial Movements Accompanying Speech},
booktitle = {Proc Fifth Int. Conf. Automatic Face and Gesture
Recognition},
pages = {397-401},
abstract = {As we articulate speech, we usually move the head and
exhibit various facial expressions. This visual aspect
of speech aids understanding and helps communicating
additional information, such as the speaker's mood. In
this paper we analyze quantitatively head and facial
movements that accompany speech and investigate how
they relate to the text's prosodic structure. We
recorded several hours of speech and measured the
locations of the speaker's main facial features as well
as their head poses. The text was evaluated with a
prosody prediction tool, identifying phrase boundaries
and pitch accents. Characteristic for most speakers are
simple motion patterns that are repeatedly applied in
synchrony with the main prosodic events. Direction and
strength of head movements vary widely from one speaker
to another, yet their timing is typically well
synchronized with the spoken text. Understanding
quantitatively the correlations between head movements
and spoken text is important for synthesizing
photo-realistic talking heads. Talking heads appear
much more engaging when they exhibit realistic motion
patterns.},
categories = {VTTS},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2002/paper.vtts.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2002/paper.vtts.ps},
year = 2002
}
@inproceedings{strom00,
author = {Ann K. Syrdal and Colin W. Wightman and Alistair
Conkie and Yannis Stylianou and Mark Beutnagel and
Juergen Schroeter and Volker Strom and Ki-Seung Lee},
title = {Corpus-based Techniques in the AT&T NEXTGEN Synthesis
System},
booktitle = {Proc.~Int.~Conf.~on Spoken Language Processing},
address = {Beijing},
abstract = {The AT\&T text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis system has
been used as a framework for experimenting with a
perceptually-guided data-driven approach to speech
synthesis, with a primary focus on data-driven elements
in the "back end". Statistical training techniques
applied to a large corpus are used to make decisions
about predicted speech events and selected speech
inventory units. Our recent advances in automatic
phonetic and prosodic labelling and a new faster
harmonic plus noise model (HMM) and unit preselection
implementations have significantly improved TTS quality
and speeded up both development time and runtime.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2000/strom00.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2000/strom00.ps},
year = 2000
}
@inproceedings{strom99,
author = {V. Strom and H. Heine},
title = {Utilizing Prosody for Unconstrained Morpheme
Recognition},
booktitle = {Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and
Technology},
address = {Budapest},
abstract = {Speech recognition systems for languages with a rich
inflectional morphology (like German) suffer from the
limitations of a word--based full--form lexicon.
Although the morphological and acoustical knowledge
about words is coded implicitly within the lexicon
entries (which are usually closely related to the
orthography of the language at hand) this knowledge is
usually not explicitly available for other tasks (e.g.
detecting OOV words, prosodic analysis). This paper
presents an HMM--based `word' recognizer that uses
morpheme--like units on the string level for
recognizing spontaneous German conversational speech
(Verbmobil corpus). The system has no explicit word
knowledge but uses a morpheme--bigram to capture the
German word and sentence structure to some extent. The
morpheme recognizer is tightly coupled with a prosodic
classifier in order to compensate for some of the
additional ambiguity introduced by using morphemes
instead of words.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1999/paper.eurospeech99.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1999/paper.eurospeech99.ps},
year = 1999
}
@inproceedings{friedrich:COST2102,
author = {Michael Pucher and Friedrich Neubarth and Volker Strom},
title = {Optimizing Phonetic Encoding for {V}iennese Unit
Selection Speech Synthesis},
booktitle = {COST 2102 Int. Training School 2009, LNCS},
editor = {A. Esposito et al.},
address = {Heidelberg},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
abstract = {While developing lexical resources for a particular
language variety (Viennese), we experimented with a set
of 5 different phonetic encodings, termed phone sets,
used for unit selection speech synthesis. We started
with a very rich phone set based on phonological
considerations and covering as much phonetic
variability as possible, which was then reduced to
smaller sets by applying transformation rules that map
or merge phone symbols. The optimal trade-off was found
measuring the phone error rates of automatically learnt
grapheme-to-phone rules and by a perceptual evaluation
of 27 representative synthesized sentences. Further, we
describe a method to semi-automatically enlarge the
lexical resources for the target language variety using
a lexicon base for Standard Austrian German.},
categories = {speech synthesis, language varieties, phonetic
encoding, grapheme-to-phone, pronunciation lexicon.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2010/COST2102.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2010/COST2102.ps},
year = 2010
}
@inproceedings{friedrich:lrec2010,
author = {Michael Pucher and Friedrich Neubarth and Volker Strom
and Sylvia Moosmüller and Gregor Hofer and Christian
Kranzler and Gudrun Schuchmann and Dietmar Schabus},
title = {Resources for speech synthesis of Viennese varieties},
booktitle = {Proc.~Int.~Conf.~on Language Resources and Evaluation,
LREC'10},
address = {Malta},
publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
abstract = {This paper describes our work on developing corpora of
three varieties of Viennese for unit selection speech
synthesis. The synthetic voices for Viennese varieties,
implemented with the open domain unit selection speech
synthesis engine Multisyn of Festival will also be
released within Festival. The paper especially focuses
on two questions: how we selected the appropriate
speakers and how we obtained the text sources needed
for the recording of these non-standard varieties.
Regarding the first one, it turned out that working
with a ‘prototypical’ professional speaker was much
more preferable than striving for authenticity. In
addition, we give a brief outline about the differences
between the Austrian standard and its dialectal
varieties and how we solved certain technical problems
that are related to these differences. In particular,
the specific set of phones applicable to each variety
had to be determined by applying various constraints.
Since such a set does not serve any descriptive
purposes but rather is influencing the quality of
speech synthesis, a careful design of such a (in most
cases reduced) set was an important task.},
categories = {speech synthesis, language varieties, phonetic
encoding, graphem-to-phone, pronunciation lexicon.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2010/lrec2010_viennese.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2010/lrec2010_viennese.ps},
year = 2010
}
@inproceedings{strom08,
author = {Volker Strom and Simon King},
title = {Investigating {F}estival's target cost function using
perceptual experiments},
booktitle = {Proc.~Interspeech},
address = {Brisbane},
abstract = {We describe an investigation of the target cost used
in the Festival unit selection speech synthesis system.
Our ultimate goal is to automatically learn a
perceptually optimal target cost function. In this
study, we investigated the behaviour of the target cost
for one segment type. The target cost is based on
counting the mismatches in several context features. A
carrier sentence (``My name is Roger'') was synthesised
using all 147,820 possible combinations of the diphones
/n_ei/ and /ei_m/. 92 representative versions were
selected and presented to listeners as 460 pairwise
comparisons. The listeners' preference votes were used
to analyse the behaviour of the target cost, with
respect to the values of its component linguistic
context features.},
categories = {speech synthesis, unit selection, target costs},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2008/IS080514.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2008/IS080514.ps},
year = 2008
}
@inproceedings{strom:etal:interspeech2007,
author = {Volker Strom and Ani Nenkova and Robert Clark and
Yolanda Vazquez-Alvarez and Jason Brenier and Simon
King and Dan Jurafsky},
title = {Modelling Prominence and Emphasis Improves
Unit-Selection Synthesis},
booktitle = {Proc. Interspeech 2007},
address = {Antwerp, Belgium},
abstract = {We describe the results of large scale perception
experiments showing improvements in synthesising two
distinct kinds of prominence: standard pitch-accent and
strong emphatic accents. Previously prominence
assignment has been mainly evaluated by computing
accuracy on a prominence-labelled test set. By contrast
we integrated an automatic pitch-accent classifier into
the unit selection target cost and showed that
listeners preferred these synthesised sentences. We
also describe an improved recording script for
collecting emphatic accents, and show that generating
emphatic accents leads to further improvements in the
fiction genre over incorporating pitch accent only.
Finally, we show differences in the effects of
prominence between child-directed speech and news and
fiction genres. Index Terms: speech synthesis, prosody,
prominence, pitch accent, unit selection},
categories = {speech synthesis},
month = aug,
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2007/p540.pdf},
year = 2007
}
@inproceedings{clark_blizzard2006,
author = {Clark, R. and Richmond, K. and Strom, V. and King, S.},
title = {Multisyn Voices for the {B}lizzard {C}hallenge 2006},
booktitle = {Proc. Blizzard Challenge Workshop (Interspeech
Satellite)},
address = {Pittsburgh, USA},
note = {(http://festvox.org/blizzard/blizzard2006.html)},
abstract = {This paper describes the process of building unit
selection voices for the Festival Multisyn engine using
the ATR dataset provided for the Blizzard Challenge
2006. We begin by discussing recent improvements that
we have made to the Multisyn voice building process,
prompted by our participation in the Blizzard Challenge
2006. We then go on to discuss our interpretation of
the results observed. Finally, we conclude with some
comments and suggestions for the formulation of future
Blizzard Challenges.},
categories = {tts, blizzard, multisyn, unit selection},
key = {clark_blizzard2006},
month = sep,
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2006/cstr_blizzard2006.pdf},
year = 2006
}
@inproceedings{strom10d,
author = {Volker Strom and Simon King},
title = {A classifier-based target cost for unit selection
speech synthesis trained on perceptual data},
booktitle = {Proc.~Interspeech},
address = {Makuhari, Japan},
abstract = {Our goal is to automatically learn a
PERCEPTUALLY-optimal target cost function for a unit
selection speech synthesiser. The approach we take here
is to train a classifier on human perceptual judgements
of synthetic speech. The output of the classifier is
used to make a simple three-way distinction rather than
to estimate a continuously-valued cost. In order to
collect the necessary perceptual data, we synthesised
145,137 short sentences with the usual target cost
switched off, so that the search was driven by the join
cost only. We then selected the 7200 sentences with the
best joins and asked 60 listeners to judge them,
providing their ratings for each syllable. From this,
we derived a rating for each demiphone. Using as input
the same context features employed in our conventional
target cost function, we trained a classifier on these
human perceptual ratings. We synthesised two sets of
test sentences with both our standard target cost and
the new target cost based on the classifier. A/B
preference tests showed that the classifier-based
target cost, which was learned completely automatically
from modest amounts of perceptual data, is almost as
good as our carefully- and expertly-tuned standard
target cost.},
categories = {speech synthesis, unit selection, target cost},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2010/strom10d.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2010/strom10d.ps},
year = 2010
}
@inproceedings{strom02,
author = {V. Strom},
title = {From Text to Speech Without {ToBI}},
booktitle = {Proc. ICSLP},
address = {Denver},
abstract = {A new method for predicting prosodic parameters, i.e.
phone durations and F0 targets, from preprocessed text
is presented. The prosody model comprises a set of
CARTs, which are learned from a large database of
labeled speech. This database need not be annotated
with Tone and Break Indices (ToBI labels). Instead, a
simpler symbolic prosodic description is created by a
bootstrapping method. The method had been applied to
one Spanish and two German speakers. For the German
voices, two listening tests showed a significant
preference for the new method over a more traditional
approach of prosody prediction, based on hand-crafted
rules.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2002/paper.icslp02.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2002/paper.icslp02.ps},
year = 2002
}
@incollection{ATR-Buch,
author = {W. Hess and A. Batliner and A. Kießling and R. Kompe
and E. N{š}th and A. Petzold and M. Reyelt and V. Strom},
title = {Prosodic Modules for Speech Recognition and
Understanding in {VERBMOBIL}},
booktitle = {Computing Prosody},
publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
editor = {Yoshinori Sagisaka, Nick Campbell, Norio Higuchi},
pages = {Part IV, Chapter 23, pp. 363 - 383},
address = {New York},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1995/hess_et_al.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1995/hess_et_al.ps},
year = 1995
}
@phdthesis{DissStrom,
author = {V. Strom},
title = {Automatische Erkennung von Satzmodus, Akzentuierung
und Phrasengrenzen},
school = {University of Bonn},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1998/Diss.Volker.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1998/Diss.Volker.ps},
year = 1998
}
@inproceedings{leo_08-2,
author = {Leonardo Badino and Robert A.J. Clark and Volker Strom},
title = {Including Pitch Accent Optionality in Unit Selection
Text-to-Speech Synthesis},
booktitle = {Proc.~Interspeech},
address = {Brisbane},
abstract = {A significant variability in pitch accent placement is
found when comparing the patterns of prosodic
prominence realized by different English speakers
reading the same sentences. In this paper we describe a
simple approach to incorporate this variability to
synthesize prosodic prominence in unit selection
text-to-speech synthesis. The main motivation of our
approach is that by taking into account the variability
of accent placements we enlarge the set of prosodically
acceptable speech units, thus increasing the chances of
selecting a good quality sequence of units, both in
prosodic and segmental terms. Results on a large scale
perceptual test show the benefits of our approach and
indicate directions for further improvements.},
categories = {speech synthesis, unit selection, prosodic prominence,
pitch accents},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2008/IS080159.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2008/IS080159.ps},
year = 2008
}
@inproceedings{strom06,
author = {Volker Strom and Robert Clark and Simon King},
title = {Expressive Prosody for Unit-selection Speech Synthesis},
booktitle = {Proc.~Interspeech},
address = {Pittsburgh},
abstract = {Current unit selection speech synthesis voices cannot
produce emphasis or interrogative contours because of a
lack of the necessary prosodic variation in the
recorded speech database. A method of recording script
design is proposed which addresses this shortcoming.
Appropriate components were added to the target cost
function of the Festival Multisyn engine, and a
perceptual evaluation showed a clear preference over
the baseline system.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2006/strom06.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2006/strom06.ps},
year = 2006
}
@article{cs-CL-9907021,
author = {Günther Gšrz and Jšrg Spilker and Volker Strom and
Hans Weber},
title = {Architectural Considerations for Conversational
Systems -- The Verbmobil/INTARC Experience},
journal = {proceedings of First International Workshop on Human
Computer Conversation},
volume = {cs.CL/9907021},
abstract = { The paper describes the speech to speech translation
system INTARC, developed during the first phase of the
Verbmobil project. The general design goals of the
INTARC system architecture were time synchronous
processing as well as incrementality and interactivity
as a means to achieve a higher degree of robustness and
scalability. Interactivity means that in addition to
the bottom-up (in terms of processing levels) data flow
the ability to process top-down restrictions
considering the same signal segment for all processing
levels. The construction of INTARC 2.0, which has been
operational since fall 1996, followed an engineering
approach focussing on the integration of symbolic
(linguistic) and stochastic (recognition) techniques
which led to a generalization of the concept of a ``one
pass'' beam search.},
address = {Bellagio, Italy},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1999/INTARC99.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1999/INTARC99.ps},
year = 1999
}
@inproceedings{strom97,
author = {V. Strom and A. Elsner and G. G{š}rz and W. Hess and
W. Kasper and A. Klein and H.U. Krieger and J. Spilker
and H. Weber},
title = {On the use of prosody in a speech-to-speech translator},
booktitle = {Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and
Technology},
address = {Rhodes},
abstract = {In this paper a speech-to-speech translator from
German to English is presented. Beside the traditional
processing steps it takes advantage of acoustically
detected prosodic phrase boundaries and focus. The
prosodic phrase boundaries reduce search space during
syntactic parsing and rule out analysis trees during
semantic parsing. The prosodic focus faciliates a
``shallow'' translation based on the best word chain in
cases where the deep analysis fails.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1997/paper.eurospeech97.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1997/paper.eurospeech97.ps},
year = 1997
}
@article{michael09:dialectHTS,
author = {Michael Pucher and Dietmar Schabus and Junichi
Yamagishi and Friedrich Neubarth and Volker Strom},
title = {Modeling and Interpolation of {Austrian German and
Viennese} Dialect in {HMM}-based Speech Synthesis},
journal = {Speech Communication},
volume = {52},
number = {2},
pages = {164--179},
abstract = {An HMM-based speech synthesis framework is applied to
both Standard Austrian German and a Viennese dialectal
variety and several training strategies for
multi-dialect modeling such as dialect clustering and
dialect-adaptive training are investigated. For
bridging the gap between processing on the level of
HMMs and on the linguistic level, we add phonological
transformations to the HMM interpolation and apply them
to dialect interpolation. The crucial steps are to
employ several formalized phonological rules between
Austrian German and Viennese dialect as constraints for
the HMM interpolation. We verify the effectiveness of
this strategy in a number of perceptual evaluations.
Since the HMM space used is not articulatory but
acoustic space, there are some variations in evaluation
results between the phonological rules. However, in
general we obtained good evaluation results which show
that listeners can perceive both continuous and
categorical changes of dialect varieties by using
phonological transformations employed as switching
rules in the HMM interpolation.},
categories = {speech synthesis, hidden Markov model, dialect,
sociolect, Austrian German},
doi = {10.1016/j.specom.2009.09.004},
year = 2010
}
@inproceedings{strom95,
author = {V.~Strom},
title = {Detection of accents, phrase boundaries and sentence
modality in {G}erman with prosodic features},
booktitle = {Proc. European Conf. on Speech Communication and
Technology},
volume = {3},
pages = {2039-2041},
address = {Madrid},
abstract = {In this paper detectors for accents, phrase
boundaries, and sentence modality are described which
derive prosodic features only from the speech signal
and its fundamental frequency to support other modules
of a speech understanding system in an early analysis
stage, or in cases where no word hypotheses are
available. A new method for interpolating and
decomposing the fundamental frequency is suggested. The
detectors' underlying Gaussian distribution classifiers
were trained and tested with approximately 50 minutes
of spontaneous speech, yielding recognition rates of 78
percent for accents, 81 percent for phrase boundaries,
and 85 percent for sentence modality.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1995/paper.eurospeech95.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1995/paper.eurospeech95.ps},
year = 1995
}
@inproceedings{richmond2007b,
author = {Richmond, K. and Strom, V. and Clark, R. and
Yamagishi, J. and Fitt, S.},
title = {Festival Multisyn Voices for the 2007 Blizzard
Challenge},
booktitle = {Proc. Blizzard Challenge Workshop (in Proc. SSW6)},
address = {Bonn, Germany},
abstract = {This paper describes selected aspects of the Festival
Multisyn entry to the Blizzard Challenge 2007. We
provide an overview of the process of building the
three required voices from the speech data provided.
This paper focuses on new features of Multisyn which
are currently under development and which have been
employed in the system used for this Blizzard
Challenge. These differences are the application of a
more flexible phonetic lattice representation during
forced alignment labelling and the use of a pitch
accent target cost component. Finally, we also examine
aspects of the speech data provided for this year's
Blizzard Challenge and raise certain issues for
discussion concerning the aim of comparing voices made
with differing subsets of the data provided.},
categories = {tts, blizzard, multisyn, unit selection},
key = {richmond2007b},
month = aug,
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2007/blizzard2007paper.pdf},
year = 2007
}
@inproceedings{strom96b,
author = {V. Strom and C. Widera},
title = {What's in the ``pure'' prosody?},
booktitle = {Proc. ICSLP},
address = {Philadelphia},
abstract = {Detectors for accents and phrase boundaries have been
developed which derive prosodic features from the
speech signal and its fundamental frequency to support
other modules of a speech understanding system in an
early analysis stage, or in cases where no word
hypotheses are available. The detectors' underlying
Gaussian distribution classifiers were trained with 50
minutes and tested with 30 minutes of spontaneous
speech, yielding recognition rates of 74\% for accents
and 86\% for phrase boundaries. Since this material was
prosodically hand labelled, the question was, which
labels for phrase boundaries and accentuation were only
guided by syntactic or semantic knowledge, and which
ones are really prosodically marked. Therefore a small
test subset has been resynthesized in such a way that
comprehensibility was lost, but the prosodic
characteristics were kept. This subset has been
re-labelled by 11 listeners with nearly the same
accuracy as the detectors.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1996/paper.icslp96.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1996/paper.icslp96.ps},
year = 1996
}
@inproceedings{strom02a,
author = {Juergen Schroeter and Alistair Conkie and Ann Syrdal
and Mark Beutnagel and Matthias Jilka and Volker Strom
and Yeon-Jun Kim and Hong-Goo Kang and David Kapilow},
title = {A perspective on the next challanges for {TTS}},
booktitle = {IEEE 2002 Workshop in Speech Synthesis},
pages = {11-13},
address = {Santa Monica, CA},
abstract = {The quality of speech synthesis has come a long way
since Homer Dudley's ``Vocoder'' in 1939. In fact, with
the wide-spread use of unit-selection synthesizers, the
naturalness of the synthesized speech is now high
enough to pass the Turing test for short utterances,
such as prompts. Therefore, it seems valid to ask the
question ``what are the next challenges for TTS
Research?'' This paper tries to identify unresoved
issues, the solution of which would greatly enhance the
state of the art in TTS.},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2002/strom02a.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/2002/strom02a.ps},
year = 2002
}
@inproceedings{Niemann94:PDCa,
author = {H. Niemann and J. Denzler and B. Kahles and R. Kompe
and A. Kießling and E. Nšth and V. Strom},
title = {Pitch Determination Considering Laryngealization
Effects in Spoken Dialogs},
booktitle = {Proc. Int. Conf. on Neuronal Networks},
volume = {7},
pages = {4457--4461},
address = {Orlando},
abstract = {A frequent phenomen in spoken dialogs of the
information seeking type are short elliptic utterances
whose mood (declarative or interrogative) can only be
distinguished by intonation. The main acoustic evidence
is conveyed by the fundamental frequency or F0 contour.
Many algorithms for F0 determination have been reported
in the literature. A common problem are irregularities
of speech known as laryngealizations. This article
describes an approach based on neuronal network
techniques for the improved determination of
fundamental frequency. First, an improved version of
our neuronal network algorithm for reconstruction of
the voice source signal (glottis signal) is presented.
Second, the reconstructed voice source signal is used
as input to another neuronal network destinguishing the
three classes 'voiceless', 'voiced-non-laryngealized',
and 'voiced-laryngealized'. Third, the results are used
to improve an existing F0 algorithm. Results of this
approach are presented and discussed in the context of
the application in a spoken dialog system.},
categories = {prosody, laryngealisation},
pdf = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1994/report-33-94.pdf},
ps = {http://www.cstr.inf.ed.ac.uk/downloads/publications/1994/report-33-94.ps},
year = 1994
}
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